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St. Louis Will Hereafter Have Base Ball On Sunday

10/16/2015

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President Von Der Ahe of the St. Louis Browns has notified the other clubs of the American Association that he will play the Sunday games scheduled in St. Louis, Mo., regardless of the Sunday law recently passed.  He is of the opinion that the law does not and cannot be made to apply to the ball-field.

​-New York Clipper, April 9, 1887
St. Louis will hereafter have baseball games on Sunday as heretofore, Judge Noonan July 15 deciding that the Sunday law is not applicable to the national game.  The decision was rendered in the case of Chris Von Der Ahe, president of the St. Louis Club, who was arrested Sunday, July 10, during the game between St. Louis and Baltimore.  Judge Noonan read a lengthy decision.  He went over the various statutes that could in any manner be construed as bearing on the Sunday observance, and said: "Taking all these sections together we see Section 1,578 prohibits work and labor of a servile character, or manual work or labor, and hunting game or shooting on Sunday.  Section 1,580 prohibits horse-racing, cock-fighting, or playing at cards or games of any kind on Sunday.  Games of any kind, following the special words playing cards, means playing at any game of cards, dice or games of a light character.  In a word, it means gambling games, not games like baseball.  In none of these sections do we find recreation or entertainment, such as the evidence shows is afforded by the game of baseball, as conducted by the defendant in this case, prohibited.  On the contrary, the fact that some pleasures, sports and games are prohibited and baseball is not is an intimation by the Legislature that there was no intention to prohibit the game.  If any recreation or entertainment, even of a moral tendency, was carried on or conducted in a loud or disorderly manner on Sunday it would be illegal, but the evidence in this case shows that no disorder or disturbance was committed, but the best of order prevailed, and the neighborhood was not annoyed or disturbed.  I might say in addition to this that the game was a reasonable sport and use of nature's powers, and while the evidence showed that money was taken and money paid to the players, it, in my mind, is not within the meaning of this statue any more than would be the playing of any piano-player or singer that might come into the home of a citizen on Sunday to contribute to his entertainment.  I therefore find the defendant, under the laws and evidence, not guilty, and discharge him."

-New York Clipper, July 23, 1887

I say this every time the subject of the prohibition of Sunday baseball comes up: St. Louis was different.  Due to the influences of Catholic, Creole, Irish, and German cultures in the city, Sabbatarianism never really gained a foot-hold in the city during this era.  Certainly, there were periodic attempts to pass and enforce Sabbatarian laws but they usually came to nothing.  

This particular instance, in 1887, was the only time that I'm aware of that Sabbatarianism affected the playing of baseball in St. Louis during the 19th century.  Thankfully, St. Louis, at the time, was blessed with judges of uncommon wisdom so that, again, the attempt to stop the playing of baseball on Sundays came to naught.       
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For The Peace And Quiet Of The City

8/21/2015

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Office of the Police Commissioners 
For the City of St. Louis.
April 12, 1861.

It being of absolute necessity for the peace and quiet of the city that the law in respect to the Sabbath, commonly called the Sunday law, shall be strictly observed, it is hereby ordered that all shows, games, exhibitions, plays, and fights of man and beast, sales of liquor, or other violation of said laws are forbidden, and notice given that the penalties against the violation of said laws will be strictly enforced.

J.A. Brownlee, President.

-History of Saint Louis City and County: From the Earliest Periods to the Present Day: Including Biographical Sketches of Representative Men, Volume 1
The above comes from an 1883 book by John Thomas Scharf and I read the reference to "games" as very likely referring to baseball.  The history of Sunday baseball in St. Louis is an interesting one and I don't think I've ever done the subject justice.  One of the points I always like to make, with regards to Sunday baseball in St. Louis, is that the French, Creole, Catholic cultural influence on the city had a important impact on how the Sabbath was celebrated and on how the locals viewed Sabbatarian laws.  There were attempts, periodically, to enforce these blue laws with regards to baseball during the 19th century but they always failed.  Sunday baseball was a big part of the culture of St. Louis during the second half of the 19th century and these attempts to suppress that always came to nothing because they never had the support of the citizens of St. Louis.  Tough to enforce a law when the citizens oppose it.  
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Beer And Spirits On The Ground

7/14/2015

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A St. Louis paper says that the object of getting up a new league is to get the opportunity to sell beer and spirits on the ground and to play match games on Sunday in St. Louis and Cincinnati, in both of which cities Sunday playing is a regular rule.  As the league prohibit both Sunday playing and beer selling, they could not enjoy themselves in the league and so Cincinnati left it.  

-Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 6, 1881
They make drinking a beer at the ballpark on a Sunday afternoon sound like a bad thing when, in fact, it's one of the greatest pleasures in life.  
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The Restoration of 1881: Beer and Sunday Baseball

1/27/2015

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A St. Louis paper says that the object of getting up a new league is to get the opportunity to sell beer and spirits on the ground and to play match game on Sunday in St. Louis and Cincinnati, in both of which cities Sunday playing is a regular rule.  As the league prohibits both Sunday playing and beer selling, they could not enjoy themselves in the league...

-Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 6, 1881
Beer at the ballpark and Sunday baseball, along with twenty-five cent tickets, were the cornerstones of Von der Ahe's plan to successfully establish major league baseball in St. Louis.  Last week, I mentioned that the per capita income in Missouri, in 1880, was around $150 and that lowering ticket prices from fifty cents to twenty-five cents opened up a new market for baseball in St. Louis by making games affordable for the working class in the city.  Beer and Sunday baseball also were important in appealing to this potential customer base.

Von der Ahe, by lowering ticket prices, left a bit of money in the pockets of his working class fans and he then offered them something to buy with this money.  More importantly, he offered them something they wanted.  Between 1865 and 1880, per capita consumption of beer in the United States more than doubled, growing from 3.4 gallons of beer per person to 8.2 gallons, and it would continue to rise throughout the rest of the century, reaching 15 gallons by 1895.  Von der Ahe was more than willing to sell the German and Irish St. Louis working class a bottle of lager beer at his ballpark and, with the lower ticket prices he was offering, they had a bit of money to purchase it.  

Sunday baseball was just as important as low ticket prices and beer in getting the St. Louis working class out to the ballpark.  The eight-hour day and the five-day workweek was something that the working class was still fighting for in the 1880s and it wouldn't be until well into the 20th century that most workers enjoyed those rights.  Major league baseball, before the American Association, was being played during the day, Monday through Saturday, when most people were at work.  The American working class, during this period, was unable to see baseball played at the highest level.  If you were only making $150 dollars a year, when you're working six days a week and ten hours a day, you weren't going to take a day off to go see a ballgame.  Von der Ahe wanted to schedule games when the majority of people would be able to see them and that was on Sunday.  

I believe that what Von der Ahe did, in creating a new major league with lower ticket prices, selling beer at the ballpark, and scheduling games on Sunday, was to create a new baseball market.  He expanded his potential customer base by marketing the game to the St. Louis working class.  This experiment succeeded beyond Von der Ahe's wildest dreams and that's something we're going to talk about later this week.        
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