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St. Louis Baseball and the Civil War: The Louisa Kearny Letter

8/13/2014

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Louisa Kearny's grave
I wrote the following about the Kearny letter at the old blog back in February of 2012:


In their Civil War Collection, the Missouri History Museum has a letter, dated August 28, 1862, written to Edward Bredell, Jr., by Louisa Kearny.  

This is interesting for several reasons.  First, Louisa Kearny was the daughter of Stephen Watts Kearny and the sister of Cyclone Club member Charles Kearny.  Obviously, there was some kind of relationship between Louisa Kearny and Bredell or, at the very least, between the Kearny and Bredell family and this helps explain how Charles Kearny ended up in the Cyclone Club.  Second, Louisa Kearny mentions several of Bredell's old club members in the letter.  While detailing the goings-on of their mutual friends, she mentions Joseph Fullerton and John Riggin in the letter.  She also mentions one of her brothers and, given the way she writes about him, I believe she's talking about Charles.  Lastly, the letter gives an interesting account of what life was like in St. Louis during the Civil War from the point of view of a Southern sympathizer and is worth reading just for that. 

Also, I should add that, according to the Missouri Digital Heritage site, the letter "was intercepted by federal forces and published in the newspaper under the title 'Gems from the Rebel Mail Bag.'"  I have to say that the idea of Ed Bredell not getting this letter kind of breaks my heart a bit.  And I can only imagine the horror that Miss Kearny felt upon the publication of her private letter.  I find the whole story of the letter kind of sad.

I'm posting some of the more interesting parts of the letter below but, if you'd like to read the whole thing, the full letter can be found at the Missouri History Museum's website.
St. Louis, August 28, 1862, 

Capt. Bredell:  You see your letter was appreciated, that I answer it so soon; and I hope this mail will get safely through.  St. Louis is very stupid now.  We have nothing in the way of amusement, and there is not the visiting there used to be, for we have no beaux to visit; indeed, our streets would be deserted if it were not for shoulder-straps.  Your friend, Mr. Fullerton, is fourth sergeant in the Hallack Guard, and went up to Lexington; but succeeded only in burning and sinking some little boats belonging to private individuals, for which the Democraturges they should have some public demonstration for their personal bravery. 

...Mary and I spent the day last Tuesday with your mother.  She read us your letter, where you thought the young ladies should take care of the "little fellows."  We are very much obliged for the suggestion and think of forming a society immediately....

Our neighbor across the street is as savage as ever.  His daughter is Secretary to the "Ladies' Union Aid Society," and her favorite song is "John Brown's bones lie mouldering in the grave," which we have the full benefit of.  How some people fall to their proper level... 

John Riggin is in town again, and I expect there is soon to be a fight, as he always leaves about that time.  He was up here before and brought a negro man that he had stolen from the South. 

Oh! what would we not give to see our old Hero marching through the streets.  We have waited a long time, but I trust that before many months you will all come to release us from the hateful fetters that bind us, for nearly every day they come out with some new order; and this morning a man signing himself "Justice" thinks the women and children should be sent, with all traitors, out of the Federal lines.... 

Remember me to all my friends South, and if that brother of mine is with you, tell him to send me word.  I had a letter from him from Springfield, in which he said he was going back to Mississippi. 

I have set you such a good example that I hope to hear again from you, and with my best wishes and kindest regards for yourself, 

Believe me your friend, 

Miss L.
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The 1862 Page Is Up

8/9/2014

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The Old Courthouse in 1862


So, having wrapped up 1862 in our series on St. Louis Baseball and the Civil War, I've added a page archiving all of the posts covering the third baseball season in St. Louis history and the second baseball season of the war.  You can find it at the Civil War Baseball page, by hovering over Civil War Baseball in the sidebar, or by just following this link.  

I've also added a page posting a piece I wrote for the Missouri Civil War Museum, entitled "The Pioneer Baseball Era in St. Louis and the Civil War."  It's an old piece that I wrote back in 2009 but it looks like the MCWM has revamped their website and the link I had to the piece is dead so I felt the need to put it up with the rest of the Civil War stuff.  Again, you can find it at the Civil War Baseball page, by hovering over Civil War Baseball in the side bar, or by just following this link.  

Slowly, but surely, the Civil War Baseball page is coming together.  I'm not sure I'll ever be done with it but I like where I'm at with it right now.         
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St. Louis Baseball and the Civil War: Seeing The Negative Impact Of The War In 1862

8/7/2014

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Loyalty oath signed by Ann Forsyth on September 13, 1862

So just as the 1861 season ended with a match between the Union and Empire Clubs, the 1862 season ended with a match between the two clubs in late November.  However, based on the contemporary source material in the Missouri Republican, I think it's safe to say that the two seasons were very different.  

The 1861 baseball season in St. Louis saw a consolidation of the growth of the game that was experienced in the city during the antebellum period.  It does not appear that there were more clubs or more games played in 1861 than in 1860, the first full baseball season in St. Louis, but it's evident that the clubs that did exist were growing larger.  Based on this and the increased coverage of the game found in the Republican, we can argue that the popularity of the game in St. Louis was still growing in 1861 and that the Civil War may have slowed the momentum of the game's growth in the city but it had not stopped it.  

1862 was a different story and what I think we're seeing is the negative impact that the war had on the growth of the game.  To illustrate this, let's look at the data we've garnered from the Republican in 1862 and compare it to what we found in the Daily Bulletin in 1860 and in the Republican in 1861.

I found seven references to baseball in the Republican in 1862.  In the Bulletin, in 1860, I had found thirteen references to the game and in the Republican, in 1861, I had found twenty-seven references.  Obviously, we have a sharp decline in the number of references to the game in the Republican in 1862.  As I've written before, in general, we can gauge the health and popularity of the game by the amount of coverage it receives in the local newspaper.  This is not foolproof because it's almost certain that I've not found all of the contemporary newspaper references to the game in St. Louis in 1862 but the fact remains that there was substantially less baseball coverage in the Republican in 1862 than there was in 1861.  

The Republican in 1862 has references to eight specific clubs.  The Bulletin, in 1860, mentioned eight clubs and the Republican, in 1861, mentioned ten.  However, looking a little closer at the data, we find that, in 1862, the Republican mentions four senior clubs and four junior clubs.  In 1861, the breakdown was eight senior clubs and two junior clubs.  If we assume that all of the junior clubs were affiliated with their senior namesake, we can only identify five baseball clubs that were active in St. Louis in 1862.  This is a sharp decline in the number of active baseball clubs in the city and it's the fewest number of active clubs in St. Louis since 1859. 

There were five specific games of baseball mentioned in the Republican in 1862.  The Bulletin, in 1860, had references to eight games and the Republican, in 1861, had references to fifteen games.  This is a significant decline in the number of known baseball games played in St. Louis in 1862 and is related to the decline in the number of active clubs.  Fewer active clubs mean fewer games played.  

One thing I do want to point out is that two of the known games played in 1862 were matches between the Union and Empire Clubs that were specifically mentioned to have been played for the championship of St. Louis and, by extension, the state of Missouri.  This is very significant because this was the first known championship series played in St. Louis and it was at least, and most likely, a three game series.  So I know that there was at least one game that didn't make the Republican and I have no doubt that there were more games that didn't make the paper.  I'm also certain that there were games played in 1860 and 1861 that didn't make the paper.  I know I don't have all the data and will most likely never have all the data but I'm satisfied with what I have and believe the trends we see are real.  

Regardless, the point I really want to make about the Union/Empire series is that even with the growth of the game in St. Louis stalled at best, we're still seeing some forward momentum.  The organization of a championship series is significant and points to some health and interest in the game.  The game wasn't dead in St. Louis.  The Civil War hadn't killed it.  If we're looking at Civil War baseball in St. Louis in a  larger context, the organization of a championship series was an important step in the growth of the game in St. Louis.  It shows that game was maturing.  It shows that it was moving beyond the gentleman's social club stage of the game and towards the modern form of the game.  It shows that there was a growth in competitive spirit and an emphasis upon winning that was almost anathema to the older idea of baseball as a predominantly social activity.  During the Civil War, baseball in St. Louis was evolving into a modern sport and the baseball club was evolving from a social club organized for the recreation of its members to a sporting club organized to win baseball games. 

Getting back to the data, the Republican, in 1862, mentions by name only one place where baseball games were played: Gamble Lawn.  In 1860, the Bulletin had mentioned games played at Gamble Lawn, Lafayette Park, and the Fairgrounds.  In 1861, the Republican also mentioned games played at all three places and, in 1860, they mentioned a game played at the Laclede Grounds.  So, in 1860 and 1861, we have contemporary references to baseball being played in four different locations and the secondary sources mention other places where baseball was played at the time, such as Carr Park and the Veto Grounds, but, in 1862, we only have references to Gamble Lawn.  

Was baseball only played at Gamble Lawn in 1862?  Of course not.  But, as I mentioned the other day, we know that Union troops had occupied Lafayette Park and the Fairgrounds by August of 1861.  These were two of the main places were baseball matches were played in 1860 and 1861 and they were not available for games in 1862.  Lafayette Park was the home grounds for the Cyclones and the Commercials.  Based upon the testimony of club members, we know that the occupation of their grounds was one of the reasons the Cyclones broke up and it certainly forced the Commercials to find new grounds for their club days.  The Fairgrounds was kind of a neutral grounds to play matches on and probably would have been the site of the Union/Empire championship series, if it had been available.  

I think the loss of these grounds was significant and played a role in the decline of the number of active clubs and the number of matches played in 1862.  You can't play baseball if you don't have somewhere to play.  Certainly, there were other grounds to use and Gamble Lawn appears to have been the site of all of the big matches played in 1862.  Also, I'm certain that there was baseball being played at Carr Park and around Compton Avenue.  But I don't believe that those locations were sufficient for large matches.  I don't think they could hold the crowd that would gather for a big game.  They were fine for club days but not for any kind of significant match game.  

I said at the beginning of this post that I think what we're seeing in the data from 1862 is the negative impact that the war had on the growth of the game in St. Louis.  As we gather more data from the around the country, we're beginning to see this same pattern emerge in other places.  The game spreads to a given area in the late 1850s, there is exponential growth into 1861, a sharp decline in baseball activity beginning in 1862 and continuing throughout the war, and, finally, a sharp rebound and a return to exponential growth beginning in 1866 and continuing through the rest of the decade.  So what we're seeing in the 1862 St. Louis data is not particularly unique or much of a surprise.  It appears to fit a national pattern.  

Correlation does not imply causation but I think we have more than enough evidence to argue that the Civil War had a depressing effect upon the growth of the game in St. Louis.  There were fewer clubs, fewer games played, and fewer grounds available for use.  Players went off to war.  Clubs broke up.  Grounds were occupied by the army.  By 1862, the nation was fully engaged in the war and they were fully aware of the price that was being paid, in lives, to fight the war.  One cannot fault the people of this era if their interest in baseball declined after becoming aware of the horrors of Shiloh and Antietam.  

On last point I want to make is that the growth in the number of junior clubs is, I believe, a reaction to the negative impact of the war upon the game in St. Louis.  These junior clubs, which were affiliated with senior clubs and made up of young players who were not seen as old enough to join the senior club, appear to have been, in a sense, making up for the lack of activity by the senior clubs.  One has to understand that numerous young men in St. Louis, who would have played baseball for a senior club, had gone off to war.  The junior clubs were, most likely, made up of those who were too young to join the fight.  While it may have been difficult for the senior clubs to field multiple nines, it was easier for them to put together a junior club.  

Let me put it to you this way: over 150,000 men from Missouri fought in the Civil War.  While I don't know what the exact number is, about one-third of those men were from St. Louis.  The population of St. Louis in 1860 was about 160,000.  So about one-third of the city went off to war.  That's a lot of people and it had to have impacted the number of people available to join a club and play baseball because the vast majority of those who went off to fight were men who were of an age to play baseball for senior clubs.  Essentially, the war effort took a large portion of the player pool out of circulation for four years and, I believe, that sharp decrease in the supply of players was made up by the formation of junior clubs.     

While I believe that the growth in the number of junior clubs was a result of the negative impact of the war, it can also be seen as a positive development.  There was a younger generation that was interested in and wanted to play baseball and these junior clubs gave them an outlet to do so.  I believe that the experience of these young boys with the junior clubs during the war contributed to the growth of clubs after the war, when the junior club players had grown up and were old enough to join a senior club.  Also, it shows that, despite the difficulties that baseball was experiencing during the war years, there was still a demand for the game.  People still wanted to play baseball.  People were still interested in watching a game.  Newspapers were still covering the game.  There was still a demand for the game and the junior clubs were working to fill that demand, in the absence of activity by the senior clubs.  There may not have been enough men playing the game in 1862 as there was in 1860 or 1861 but a new generation of players was stepping up and, in the end, that was very healthy for the growth of baseball in St. Louis and the nation.  
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St. Louis Baseball and the Civil War: Another Championship Match

8/6/2014

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Champion Base Ball Match. - The base ball match between the Empire and Union Base Ball Clubs, for the Championship, on Gamble's Lawn Thursday, resulted in the success of the Empire Club, in a total of 27 runs to 9.

-St. Louis Republican, November 28, 1862
The first game of what I believe was the first series ever played for the Championship of St. Louis and Missouri was played on May 14, 1862.  This was, most likely, the third and deciding game of the series.  The Union Club had won the first game and, if this was the third game, the Empire Club must have won the second.  This is all speculation, of course, because all I have records of is the May 14th game and this game.  But the early championship series in St. Louis were three game sets and so I have to assume this was as well.  

And with that, we come to the end of the 1862 baseball season.  Tomorrow, I'll try to sum up what we've found.  

As far as the war itself, things were kind of quiet in Missouri.  The Palmyra Massacre had taken place in October and Claiborne Jackson died about a week after the above game was played.  The Battle of Fredericksburg took place on December 13.  18,000 casualties that day - with 12,000 of those on the Union side.  Fredericksburg just sickens me.  I don't even like thinking about the battle.  All I'm going to say is that putting your army across a river and sending them up a hill to attack an entrenched position is not a reasonable battle plan.    
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Lee's army was up there on them hills
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St. Louis Baseball and the Civil War: A Huge Gap In The Record (or, 1862 Is Weird)

8/5/2014

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A base ball match will come off to-day on Gamble's Lawn, at one-half past 2, between the Morning Stars Jr., and Empire, Jr., base ball Clubs.

-Missouri Republican, September 11, 1862
So there's no baseball news in the Republican between the middle of May and the middle of September.  That's a huge gap in the record and I'm going to have go back and check it.  Just when you think that the game is growing and you have new clubs on the scene like the Morning Star, Jrs., the Republican goes quiet and there's nothing.  I don't want to read too much into that but if increased baseball coverage is a sign of the popularity of the game, what is the lack of coverage?

Also, I should note that we have a lot of junior clubs playing in 1862.  Where are the senior clubs?  Where are the Morning Stars, the Cyclones, the Excelsiors, the Lone Stars, and the Lacledes?  The only two senior clubs I have references for are the Empires, the Unions, and (I assume) the Imperials.  I don't know what to think right now.  1862 is kind of weird.  You have to think that the lack of activity among the senior clubs is a result of the war and the junior clubs kind of stepped in and filled the vacuum.     

A week after this game was played, the Battle of Antietam was fought.  Antietam is still the single bloodiest day in American history and it feels kind of strange transitioning from my flippancy about the 1862 baseball season in St. Louis to mentioning what happened on September 17, 1862.  I'll just direct you to Alexander Gardner's photos and hope that makes up for my inconsistent tone.  

I used to play a PC game called Robert E. Lee Civil War General.  It was a great game and it let you fight all the major battles of the war as either Union or Confederate.  Loved that game and played it for years.  My least favorite battle to fight in that game was Antietam.  That battle was just pure madness and chaos.  The geography of the battlefield was insane and made no sense.  There was no real high ground to defend and there was all these creeks and bridges and fords.  I was just never able to figure out Antietam.  I understand the battlefield at Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, and the Wilderness and I could fight those battles as either side.  But I hated playing Antietam.  I could never mass my forces and it would always devolve into something like four different battles going on at the same time.  

What I think I'm telling you here is that my understanding of Antietam doesn't come form Landscape Turned Red but from a computer game.  I look at those pictures from the battlefield and I understand, just a little bit, how that happened.  It was just bad ground to fight on.   
  
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The Dead of Antietam
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St. Louis Baseball and the Civil War: The Young Union Juniors

7/25/2014

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A match game of Base Ball was played yesterday, between the Commercial Junior and the Young Union Junior, which resulted in the defeat of the latter.  The score was as follows: [Commercial, Jrs., 46, Union, Jrs., 40.]

-Missouri Republican, June 11, 1862
I can't say for certain but I have to think that the Young Union Juniors were the Union Club's junior affiliate.  It's tough to say because the Union Club itself was made up of very young players but I have to think that this is a sign that the club is growing and evolving beyond their origins as a schoolboy ball club.  Regardless, this is our second new club in 1862.

Two days after this game was played, J.E.B. Stuart started his ride around the Union army.   
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St. Louis Baseball and the Civil War: Tom Oran Played For Everybody

7/24/2014

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At a match game of Base Ball played Friday, May 30th, between the Empire, Jr., and Imperial, which resulted in the defeat of the former, the score was as follows: [Imperial 36, Empire, Jr., 18.]

-Missouri Republican, May 31, 1862
Two things here.  

First, this is the first reference to the Imperials that we have and they appear to have been a new club in 1862.  The appearance of a new club is significant and shows that the game in St. Louis is still dynamic and viable, even in the middle of the Civil War.  We've already seen a reference to the Commercials, Empires, and Unions in 1862 and here we see the Empire, Jrs., again along with this new club.  So we have some continuity among the clubs from 1861 to 1862 along with at least one new club.  I don't know if this pattern will hold throughout 1862 but early in the season, the game in St. Louis seems to be healthy and growing somewhat.  

Secondly, we have our old friend Tom Oran.  When last seen, in 1861, he was playing with the Commercial, Jrs., and here he's the captain of the Empire, Jrs.  The guy must have been one heck of a ballplayer because in the post-war period, he played with the Unions, Empires, and Reds - probably the three best clubs in St. Louis during that time.  The guy probably swung the championship by moving from the Union to the Empire and then almost did it again by moving from the Empires to the Reds.  He was certainly in demand and it wouldn't surprise me to learn that he was first St. Louis baseball player to get paid to play.   

The day that the notice of this game appeared in the Republican, the Battle of Seven Pines began.  This particular fight pretty much put an end to the Union offensive on the Peninsula.       
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St. Louis Baseball and the Civil War: For The Championship

7/23/2014

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The game of Base Ball played at Gamble Lawn on yesterday, between the Union and Empire Base Ball Clubs, resulted in the complete victory of the former.  The score was as follows: [Union 53, Empire 15.]

The game was played for the Championship.

-Missouri Republican, May 15, 1862
This was the first reference to a St. Louis baseball championship that I've found and it's fitting that the first championship match in St. Louis baseball history that we know of was played between the Empires and the Unions.  

This appears to have been the first game of a championship series and while I don't have a lot of details about the series, I do have a reference to another game in the series being played in November.  It had to have been at least a three games series and could have been a best of five.  However, since I only have references to two of the games, I can't say for certain. 

The big take-away from this is that baseball in St. Louis had evolved to the point where clubs were organizing a competition to determine a champion.  I think that's a major step forward in the growth of the game in St. Louis and shows that baseball was moving beyond its social club stage and towards the open competitiveness that would dominate the post-war period.  St. Louis was moving beyond the "fun" stage and towards the "winning" stage.  Baseball was evolving into a modern sport and this match between the Empires and Unions shows that.  

One thing that just kind of dawned on me when I was looking at the box score is that Jeremiah Fruin was not playing for the Empire Club at this time.  As far as I can tell, Fruin did not play with the club in 1861 either.  I know that Tobias said he was playing with them in 1861 but I think he was wrong about that.  Taking a quick look at my notes I don't have any contemporary evidence of Fruin playing with the club until 1865.  I don't know.  We'll see.  

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St. Louis Baseball and the Civil War: The Union Club Was Playing A Lot Of Baseball

7/22/2014

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The Union Base Ball Club has now commenced its regular playing season.  The practicing days are Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, in the afternoon and Saturdays at 10 o'clock.  The following are its officers: F.C. Billon, President; W.E. Greenleaf, Vice President; R.P. Renick, Treasurer; J.P. Carr, Secretary; S.D. Barlow, Jr., Jos. H. Holliday, Jos. C. Cabanne, Directors; E.F. Finney, W.E. Greenleaf, Field Captains.

-Missouri Republican, April 8, 1862
Four club days?  That's a lot of baseball that the Unions were playing.  


The Battle of Shiloh ended the day before this squib appeared in the Republican.  Over two days, the Union and Confederate sides suffered almost 25,000 casualties combined.  It was, at the time, the bloodiest battle in American history.  Sadly, worse days were to come.  
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After the battle, when the extent of the carnage became known, there were calls for Grant's removal.  In response to this, Lincoln famously stated that "I can't spare this man.  He fights."  
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St. Louis Baseball and the Civil War: Business Of Importance

7/18/2014

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Moving on to 1862:
Commercial Base Ball Club - There will be a meeting of the members of this Club at their room (Gas Company's Building) No. 21 Pine street on Thursday, 17th March, 1862.  A full attendance is requested, as business of importance will come before the meeting.

Wallace Delafield, Secretary.

-Missouri Republican, March 12, 1862
As a new baseball season began in St. Louis in 1862, the war was raging and there was a lot going on.  On March 3, Union forces began the siege of New Madrid, Missouri, in what would become known as the Battle Of Island Number Ten.
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Island Number Ten
Look at that picture.  You needed control of that island to control the Mississippi and one of the major objectives of the Union in the west was to gain control of the lower Mississippi, from Cairo to New Orleans.  During the Battle of Island Number Ten (which, by the way, is a great name for a battle), the city-class ironclads, designed by James Eads and built in Carondelet, saw some of their first action.   
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The USS St. Louis
Equally as important as the fight at New Madrid was the Battle of Pea Ridge, which began on March 6.  This battle, which was fought in northern Arkansas, resulted in a Union victory that essentially removed any serious Confederate threat against Missouri.  The war would go on and there would be continued fighting in the state but, with the victory at Pea Ridge, the Union had effective control of the state.   
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The Battle of Pea Ridge
Finally, something you may have heard of before.  On March 9, at Hampton Roads, Virginia, the Monitor and the Merrimac had their famous clash.  I don't think I have to tell you anything about this one although I will add I'm aware that the Merrimac was actually the CSS Virginia but when I was a kid we called it the Merrimac.  The Monitor and the Merrimac has a much better ring to it than the Monitor and the Virginia.  
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The Monitor and some other ship
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